Molecular analysis of the candidate gene regulating parthenogenesis in honeybee workers

(Lab of Prof. R. Moritz - Molecular Ecology Group - Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg)


bioinformatic links (algorithms, databases, tools, software)

protocols & methods

important scientific-molecularbiol links

 

  

87 pages

Content
1. Abstract.................................................................................................................3
2. Introduction..........................................................................................................4
2.1 The honeybee as a model system..........................................................................4
2.2 Arrhenotokous reproduction in the honeybee......................................................5
2.3 Laying workers and thelytoky in the Cape honeybee............................................6
2.4 The role of thelytoky for social behaviour.............................................................7
2.5 Type of thelytokous parthenogenesis, cytology and restoration of diploidy............8
2.6 Locus controlling thelytoky.................................................................................10
2.7 Candidate genes for thelytoky.............................................................................11
2.8 This study...........................................................................................................12
3. Material and Methods............................................................................................15
3.1 Computional Analysis..........................................................................................15
3.1.1 Homology searches..........................................................................................15
3.1.2 Alignments.......................................................................................................15
3.1.3 Promoter predictions........................................................................................16
3.1.4 Annotations.....................................................................................................16
3.1.5 Sequence-attributes.........................................................................................16
3.2 Drone samples....................................................................................................17
3.3 PCR and Sequencing..........................................................................................18
3.4 Sequence processing and analysis.......................................................................19
4. Results.................................................................................................................21
4.1 Computional analysis..........................................................................................21
4.1.1 The global genetic architecture of gemini in different genome annotations..........21
4.1.2 Inferring the global genetic structure using BLAST searches..............................22
4.1.4 Evidences for the promoter of gemini...............................................................26
4.1.5 Evidences for intron-exon boundaries and support for exons of gemini.............28
4.2 Sequence analysis...............................................................................................29
4.2.1 Promoter.........................................................................................................29
4.2.2 Exon regions...................................................................................................33
5. Discussion............................................................................................................42
5.1 The polymorphic poly-adenosine tract within the promoter and other DNA variations......42
5.2 Gemini as a candidate gene for causing thelytoky and possible alternatives...........45
5.3 Cytological mechanism underlying thelytoky and possible candidate genes...........49
6. Acknowledgements..............................................................................................54
7. References............................................................................................................55
8. Appendix.............................................................................................................71

1. Abstract
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) usually reproduce by arrhenotoky and show a reproductive division of labor. The Cape honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis) is an exception. Worker bees are capable of laying unfertilized eggs, which develop into diploid females (thelytoky). This is driven by a single locus housing a recessive allele. Focusing on gemini, the candidate gene for causing thelytoky, the promoter and exons from drones of A. m. carnica, A. m. scutellata and A. m. capensis were sequenced and compared together with the A. m. ligustica genome sequence to attempt to identify allelic DNA variations specific to the Cape honeybee and its thelytoky phenotype. Numerous SNP’s, insertions and deletions were found, but none specific to the Cape honeybee. Furthermore two polymorphic tandem repeats were found within the promoter. A poly-adenosine tract following the second tandem repeat showed a significant increase in adenosine number within the Cape honeybee compared to other honeybee subspecies.

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